Wind energy is plentiful to the north. But, so is ice. And that spells trouble for wind farms. Buildup on blades causes drag, reduces speed and power. Off-balancing can bring turbines to a halt. Did we mention falling ice?

The answer some say is heat exchange. Here's what we have in mind.

And it starts with surface energy. By definition, that's the work needed to create a unit area of new surface from the bulk material. It describes bonds between atoms and molecules, the available energy at the surface. Wetting is a characteristic behavior.

Here the bulk material is the turbine blade. Made of fiberglass-reinforced epoxy, it is highly wettable. Ice spreads, builds quickly.

Of course, material surface roughness or morphology is also important. To avoid trapping water or ice by capillary effect surfaces must be smooth, free of voids or pin holes.

Now, add a non stick polymer to the surface. Coatings rich in fluorine exhibit strong hydrophobic properties.

Repel water. Ice goes away.

Enjoy the winter.